Abstract Background In some localities of the Mediterranean coast and the Nile land region. the gall midge Schizomyia buboniae Frauenfeld. 1859 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) induce small barrel-shaped galls on the stem of Deverra tortuosa (Desf. ) DC. https://www.parisnaturalfoodes.shop/product-category/betaine-hydrochloride/